ABSTRACT Homology modelling is the method in which 3D model of target which is generally protein is generated from their sequences using a homologous protein which acts as template. The small protein NS4B is a hydrophobic protein, have not been studied extensively. Multiple sequence alignment program was used and identified the corresponding position amino acids in the query sequence of dengue viral protein and templates. A homology modelling method was used for the prediction of the 3D structure of Dengue virus. Modelled structure provided substantial parameters under Ramachandran plot and stereochemical aspects of main chain and side chains through Swiss-Pdb Viewer. Finally the energy minimization protocols scores -3212.67 , -28037.34, -7395.48, -29675.27 KJ/mol for all serotypes of the dengue virus after homology NS4B protein modelling. Keywords: Dengue Virus, NS4B protein. Homology modeling, Swiss-Pdb viewer, Ramachandran plot, Energy Minimization

ABSTRACTCertain foods or food components provide health and wellness benefits. These foods, also known as ―functional foods,‖and may play a role in reducing or minimizing the risk of certain diseases and other health conditions. Examples of these foodsinclude fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fortified foods and beverages and some dietary supplements. Functionalcharacteristics of many traditional foods are being discovered and studied, while new food products are being developed toinclude beneficial components. By knowing which foods can provide specific health benefits, you can make food and beveragechoices that allow you to take greater control of your health.Keywords: Lenoleic, Anthocyanin, Carotene, Lycopene, Omega -3.

ABSTRACT The recent pharmacological studies showed that many medicinal plants exerted a wide range of beneficial gastrointestinal effects. This review highlight the gastrointestinal effects of the medicinal plants. Keywords: Medicinal plant, Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal, Gastric, Intestinal.

Medicated chewing gums are one of the very compliant dosage forms. These drug delivery systems have gained a wide range of acceptability over past few decades owing to its ease of administration and local effects. No intake of water is required for these delivery systems and comparatively less gastro-intestinal irritation occurs. Moreover, these dosage forms are excellent drug delivery systems when it comes to freshening of breaths and cleansing of teeth. Advances have been seen in these formulations over past few decades, due to consumer satisfaction and increasing demands by mass population. Different technologies have been used to manufacture and evaluate these drug delivery systems.

Keywords: Gum base, Elastomers, Chewing test, In vitro release, Oral effects.

The previous studies showed that a wide range of medicinal plants exerted many effects on reproductive systemsfunction. These plants included: Achillea santolina, Ailanthus altissima, Alhagi maurorum, Allium cepa, Althaea rosea,Ammannia baccifera, Anthemis nobelis, Anethum graveolens, Arachis hypogaea, Arctium lappa, Asclepias curassavica,Asplenium trichomanes, Avena sativa, Bacopa monniera, Bryophyllum calycinum, Caesalpinia crista, Calendula officinalis,Calotropis procera, Carum carvi, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Carthamus tinctorius , Chenopodium album and Date palm. Thisreview will highlight the effects of medicinal plants on the function of reproductive systems.

Keywords: Pharmacology, Therapeutic, Pharmacognosy, Medicinal plants, Reproductive systems, Males, Females.

Ballota nigra is a plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is used traditionally for many purposes especially asneuro-sedative remedy. The chemical analysis of Ballota nigra showed that the plant contained phenylpropanoid glycosides,diterpenes, flavonoids, oils and betaines. Previous pharmacological investigations of Ballota nigra revealed that the plantpossessed neurosedative, antidepressant, antioxidant, antibacterial, insecticidal, anticholinesterase and antifeedant effects. Thisreview highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Ballota nigra.

Keywords: Phenylpropanoid glycosides, Ballota nigra, Pharmacological investigations.

Thephytochemical analysis of Bidens tripartitus revealed the presence of flavonoids, xanthophylls, volatile oil,acetylene, polyacetylene, sterols, aurones, chalcones, caffeine, anthracene derivatives, triterpenes, coumarins, anthocyanosides,tannins and many other secondary metabolites. It exerted antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic,antipyretic, antimalerial, gastrointestinal, anti-psoriasis and many other pharmacological effects. This review highlights thechemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Bidens tripartitus.

Keywords: Bidens tripartitus, Pharmacology, Chemical constituents, Medicinal plant, Review.

Hydroxyl radicals (OH) generated in the human body may play an important role in tissue injury at sites of inflammation in oxidative stress-originated diseases. Hyaluronidase (HAase) depolymerizes the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate plant extracts as sources of natural antioxidants and to examine whether Fraxinus rhynchophylla having significant hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibitory activity. OH of outer bark extracts of F. rhynchophylla was evaluated at 4.0 mg/ml was 58.4% and that of endodermis was 48.2% at same concentration. OH scavenging activity of leaf extracts of F. rhynchophylla was evaluated at 4.0 mg/ml was only 42.0% at same concentration. The outer bark of F. rhynchophylla showed maximum inhibition of OH activity (IC50 = 54.5 ug/ml). The highest HAase inhibition was recorded in the outer bark extract (46.4%) among three tissues. Although the degree of inhibition of HAase by F. rhynchophylla was different among leaves, outer cortex, and endodermis at different concentrations, there were not show a statistically significant difference (p<0.05).Strong inhibition of HAase enzymes by extract from F. rhynchophylla makes this pharmacopeial plant material an interesting topic for further biological and phytochemical examination.

Keywords: Hydroxyl radicals (OH), Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Hyaluronidase (HAase), Pharmacopeial plant.

ABSTRACTAortic arches have complex pattern of development making room for variations. The most important abnormality ofthe aortic arch is the presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery. If this vessel compresses the adjacent structures, severalsymptoms may be produced. Thirty eight cadavers were dissected and observed for aortic arch branching pattern variationsduring routine undergraduate dissection over a period of three years in Shamanur Shivashankarappa Institute of MedicalSciences & Research Centre, Davangere. One case of aberrant right subclavian artery was noted. This aberrant artery wastaking origin from the aorta distal to left subclavian artery running behind esophagus and trachea. Intrepretation andUnderstanding and identifying aortic arch arterial abnormalities is significant during evaluation of symptoms due tocompression of structures in thorax. Appreciating the associated abnormalities such as nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve, rightsided thoracic duct is important in evaluation and treatment of symptomatic patients of aberrant right subclavian artery.Keywords: Arteria lusoria, Dysphagia lusoria, Right Retroesophageal Subclavian Artery, Kommerell’s diverticulum,Nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve.

ABSTRACTEmissary sphenoidal foramen is an inconstant foramen that gives passage to an emissary vein that connectspterygoid venous plexus with cavernous sinus, the importance of which lies in the fact that an infected thrombus from anextracranial source may reach cavernous sinus. The aim of the present study was to identify the incidence of emissarysphenoidal foramen. 100 dry adult human skulls were studied which were available from the Department of Anatomy atVijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari, Karnataka, India. The emissary sphenoidal foramen was present in 60skulls out of 100 skulls studied. Out of the 60(60%) skulls, emissary sphenoidal foramen was present bilaterally in 34(34%)skulls and in the remaining 26(26%) skulls it was unilateral, 15(15%) skulls showing on right side and 11(11%) skullsshowing on left side. Anatomic variations of the emissary sphenoidal foramen could be explained by developmental reasons.The anatomical knowledge of emissary sphenoidal foramen and its incidence is not only important for anatomists but equallyessential for an operating surgeon.Keywords: Emissary Sphenoidal foramen, Foramen Vesalius, Emissary veins, Cavernous sinus Thrombosis.

ABSTRACTAim to know the variations in coronary ostia. The present study was undertaken on thirty eight adult human heartspecimens. The specimens were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences,Ballari, Karnataka, India. In this study, many parameters were included like number of coronary ostia, position with respectto sinutubular ridge, whether centrally or peripherally located, the distance from sinutubular junction. In the present study,among 38 specimens, 2.63% of case showed two aortic sinuses, 5.26%of cases showed solitary coronary ostia, 5.26% ofcases showed three coronary ostia. In 89.47% of cases, the coronary ostia were below the sinutubular ridge. In 23.68% ofcases, right coronary ostial opening was centrally located and in 76.31% of cases, right coronary ostial opening wasperipherally located. In 84.21% of cases, left coronary ostial opening was centrally located and in 21.05% of cases, leftcoronary ostial opening was peripherally located. Majority of the coronary ostia were at a distance of 2 to 6 mm from themidpoint of their respective sinutubular junction. Interpretation and conclusion: Accurate knowledge of coronary ostia inrelation to the aortic root is important for a number of interventional and surgical cardiovascular procedures and radiologists.Keywords: Aortic root, Aortic sinus, Coronary ostia, Left coronary ostia, Right coronary ostia, Sinutubular ridge.

ABSTRACT A newer, simple, rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive method was developed and validated for determination of Loteprednol Etabonate (LOTE) and Tobramycin (TOBRA) in combined dosage form. The method employed was Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Linearity was obtained in the range of 15-35 μg/ml forLoteprednol Etabonate and 9-21 μg/ml for Tobramycin. Chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically at 25°C ± 0.5°C on Enable C18 column (250 Ñ… 4.6 mm, 5μm) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile : Water (55:45v/v) pH adjusted to 4 with OPA at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and selected wavelength is 243nm. The retention time of Tobramycin and Loteprednol Etabonate was found to be 5.857 min and 7.479 min respectively.The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and values of accuracy, precision and other statistical analysis were found to be in good accordance with the prescribed values. Thus the proposed method was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of Loteprednol Etabonate and Tobramycin in routine analysis. Keywords: Loteprednol Etabonate (LOTE) and Tobramycin (TOBRA), RP-HPLC, Validation.

ABSTRACT In old age, decline in each organ ensues independently resulting into multiple diseases like HTN, DM, Osteoporosis, Cataract etc. because of impaired compensatory mechanism. Urinary problems due to Benign Enlargement of Prostate is most common and frequent problem faced by old male person, which often significantly reduces quality of life. In Ayurvedic texts various uropathies and their management have been described under title of “Mutraghata and Mutrakriccha”. Mutraghata, a clinical entity predominated by the symptom of “Aghata” (either suppression or obstruction) to the flow of urine due to the vitiated Vata has been extensively described by all the Acharyas. Out of these Mutragranthi (Type of Mutraghata) resemble with prostatic hyperplasia on the basis of symptomatology. Therefore thought to be managed by Vata-alleviating procedures especially incorporating a set of principles based on the Chikitsa Sutra of Mutraghata. Acharya Sushruta and other Acharyas explained the management of Mootraghata in which Basti is one of the chief treatment modality.So present clinical study was planned to be conducted for evaluating the effect of Varunadya tail MatraBasti in the management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Keywords: Varunadya Tail, Matrabasti, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

ABSTRACT Methanol is the toxic pollutant and hazardous to human health. Methylotrophic bacteria use methanol as a sole source of carbon and energy and detoxify it, therefore attempt was made to isolate efficient methanol utilizing microbe from alkaline Lonar Lake (situated in Buldhana district of Maharashtra state, India). Lonar Lake has a unique ecosystem, harbors various unidentified, unique haloalkaliphilic bacterial species which have potential to degrade or remove chemical toxic pollutant from environment. In these studies, two bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa(DHT 2) and Enterobacter cloacae (DHT 8)were isolated and identified from sediment samples by using minimal salt medium containing 2% methanol. These P. aeruginosaandE. cloacae utilized methanol 78% and 75% in 96 h respectively. It is therefore recommended that these bacterial strains are best choice for bioremediation of methanol on contaminated sites. Keywords: Lonar Lake, Methanol, Methylotrophs, P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae.